Delegate Handbook

Greetings Delegates,

My name is Enkhjin Enkhtaivan, and I am the Founder & Secretary-General of the International School of Ulaanbaatar Model United Nations (ISU MUN). I am a sophomore at the International School of Ulaanbaatar, and it is my utmost pleasure to welcome you to the first open Model United Nations conference hosted by our school.

ISU MUN is founded with the sole aim of creating a platform where students can engage in global issues, exchange creative ideas, and most importantly develop essential skills in diplomacy, leadership, critical thinking, and public speaking.

As our inaugural conference, this event will be the start of what we hope will become a strong and lasting tradition within our school community.

Model United Nations brings together students who are willing to challenge themselves with debate, express their perspectives with a purpose, and to be able to listen respectfully to others. Each delegate plays an important role in shaping the quality of the debate and the overall conference experience, and I sincerely appreciate your interest in participating.

When I participate in Model United Nations conferences, I often notice delegates and their peers coming from the same school. In contrast, I have frequently found myself as the only representative from ISU. While this experience was challenging, it also sparked me with inspiration. It motivated me to create an opportunity for ISU students to be able to participate in MUN in a more accessible and a supportive environment, and ultimately led to the founding of ISU Model United Nations

I encourage every delegate to approach this conference with an open mind, confidence in your ideas and debates, and respect for opposing perspectives. On behalf of the ISU MUN team, I warmly invite you to be part of this exciting first conference.

Thank you for your interest in ISU Model United Nations. I look forward to welcoming you all soon.

Sincerely,

Enkhjin Enkhtaivan

Founder & Secretary General

UNSC: The Sahel Crisis

HCC: The Korean War

UNODC: Dismantling the Golden Triangle: Unmasking the New Empires of Global Crime 

UNHRC: Addressing the Ongoing Genocide in Sudan: Accountability, Protection, and the

Responsibility to Protect

WHO: Regulating AI in healthcare systems

ECOSOC: Addressing the impact of AI and automation on employment

UNICEF: The Epstein Files

Code of Conduct

ISUMUN expects all delegates to maintain a high degree of professionalism throughout the conference. Any form of harassment, discrimination, or disruptive behavior will not be tolerated and will be addressed accordingly.

Delegates are expected to follow any decision and order made by the Dais, staff, or secretariat without any objection. If a delegate deems any decision to be unfair, they may report it to the secretariat.

Any form of substance abuse or possession of any weapon is strictly forbidden, and immediate disciplinary action will be taken.

Collaboration and Diplomacy 

Delegates are heavily encouraged to cooperate and work with each other in a diplomatic manner, while engaging in committee activities such as negotiation, compromise, and consensus-building. The entire goal of ISUMUN is not just to represent your country’s interests, but to develop your diplomatic abilities as a debater in an informal and formal manner, all the while meeting new people and making new friends. 

Language

The conference will be held in English, and delegates are expected to conduct all committee procedures in English.

Delegates are mandated to refer to themselves in either the third person or by their allocated country. The use of personal pronouns is heavily discouraged and will result in a point deduction.

Dress Code

Delegates are expected to dress in formal Western Business Attire (WBA) during all committee sessions, including dress shirts, suits, blouses, smart sweaters, and professional footwear (including clean, minimal sneakers), unless otherwise instructed.

Personal Responsibility

ISUMUN expects all of its delegates to be responsible for their own belongings and personal safety. ISUMUN will not be held accountable in any regard.

ISUMUN will hold its delegates accountable and will enforce the necessary measures if they damage or mishandle conference property

Expulsion Policy

ISUMUN reserves the right to expel any delegate who violates the code of conduct or engages in any serious misconduct. Expelled delegates will lose all access to the event and will be disqualified from all award consideration. 

No refunds will be issued after the transaction.

Plagiarism and Originality

All written content — including speeches, position papers, and resolutions — must be the original work of the delegate. Proper credit must be given when referencing outside sources. Plagiarism or the use of AI-generated content without modification or explicit permission may result in disqualification from awards.

Use of Electronic Devices 

Delegates are permitted to use their phones and laptops throughout the committee sessions; however, if the Dais team deem electronic devices to be too disruptive, they may suspend the usage of electronics as a whole. 

Emergency Procedures

In the event of an emergency, delegates must immediately follow the directions of ISUMUN staff and venue personnel. Delegates are expected to remain calm, cooperative, and orderly in all emergency situations. Failure to comply may constitute a violation of the code of conduct.

Refund Policy 

ISUMUN will not be issuing any form of refunds, unless the conference as a whole has been cancelled. 

Supervisor Presence and Accountability

All delegates are required to be accompanied by their designated supervisor on the day of the conference. Supervisors are responsible for the conduct and well-being of their delegates throughout the duration of the event, including all committee sessions and social activities.

In the event that a delegate engages in misconduct, violates the code of conduct, or causes disruption to conference proceedings, the supervising faculty member or chaperone will be held jointly accountable. 

This may include formal notification to the delegate's institution, written documentation of the incident, and potential restrictions on future participation by the delegation.

Supervisors who are found to be absent, unresponsive, or negligent in their duty of care may themselves be subject to removal from the conference premises at the discretion of the ISUMUN Secretariat.

ISUMUN will be issuing the following awards for each committee: 

1 Best delegate 

1 Outstanding delegate 

2 Honorable Mentions 

Delegates will be graded by the following criteria by the Dais team: 

Adherence to the conference policies 

Communication and negotiation skills 

Voice of confidence and body language 

Contribution to the committee’s development 

Accurate country representation 

Submission of position paper before the deadline 

Knowledge about the topic 

Delegates are not required to pass their resolution papers to be considered for an award 

Roll Call

Once the committee session starts, the Dais team will initiate a roll call to determine if delegates are either present or present and voting.

Present: Present notifies the Dais that the delegate is present, while having the option to abstain from the voting procedure

Present and voting: Present and voting notify the dais that the delegate is present, while not having the option to abstain from the voting procedure

Speakers list

A speakers list is opened after a moderated caucus passes. The Dais team will announce its opening and ask who wants to be on the list. Delegates must raise their placard to signify their interest in participating.

Once a delegate has finished speaking, and if they have time remaining, they may do the following three options:

Yield the remaining time back to the chair: This option allows the committee to move on to the next speaker on the list

Yield the remaining time to the next delegate:

This option allows the next speaker to gain the remaining time the previous delegate had.

Yield the remaining time for questions:

This option allows for the entire committee to ask the speaker regarding what they have stated until the remaining time finishes

Setting the agenda

Once roll call has been concluded, delegates may propose a sub-topic relating to the main topic of the committee. Once everyone has finished proposing, they may vote on what motion they deem best.

Opening speech

Once roll call has been concluded, delegates are mandated to motion for a clause to present their opening speeches to present their stance regarding the topic. Opening speeches are expected to be 1-2 minutes long (depending on how long the motioned speaking time was)

Moderated Caucus

A moderated caucus is a form of debate that allows delegates to motion for a sub-topic and speak about it for a set amount of time (if they are within the speakers list). During this motion, the Dais team will maintain decorum, and monitor delegate behavior.

Unmoderated Caucus

An unmoderated caucus is an informal form of debate that allows delegates to roam and speak freely with each other and the Dais team. This motion is mainly used to form blocs, negotiate with each other, and work on working papers.

Open Debate

Open debate is a form of debate that allows delegates to debate on a sub-topic for a set amount of time. To participate, delegates must raise their placards to be recognized by the Dais team.

Consultation of the Whole

Consultation of the Whole is a similar form of debate to open debate. However, the main difference would be that the speaker gets to choose the next speaker, rather than the Dais. However, the Dais may intervene if they deem the motion to be circling around a specific group of delegates.

Point of order

Delegates may motion for a point of order if they believe the Dais team has failed to maintain decorum or follow the committee procedure.

Point of inquiry

Delegates may motion for a point of inquiry if they have any questions for the Dais team, regarding the committee, or the topic.

Point of information

Delegates may motion for a point of information if they have an inquiry regarding the speakers statement

Point of personal privilege

A point of personal privilege may be raised if a delegate experiences personal discomfort. For example, inability to hear the speaker, physical discomfort, urgent personal needs such as the restroom.

Right to reply

Delegates may motion for a right to reply if they have been criticized in any shape or form by another delegate’s speech

Presenting working papers

Delegates may motion to present their working papers when they are ready to propose their draft resolutions. They must present their working papers within a set amount of time

Motion to move into voting procedure

Delegates may motion to move into the voting procedure if they are recognized by the Dais team during motions. The Dais team has the option to comply and immediately move into voting procedure if they deem it fit.

Opening speech

Motion to present our opening speeches with an overall time of ___ minutes and an individual speaking time of ___ seconds/minutes.

Moderated caucus

The delegate would like to motion for a moderated caucus on the topic of ___, with a total time of ___, and an individual speaking time of ___.

Unmoderated caucus

The delegate would like to motion for an unmoderated caucus for a total time of ___.

Open debate

The delegate would like to motion for an open debate under the topic of ___for a total time of ___.

Consultation of the whole

Motion to enter the consultation of the whole for ___ minutes.

(During this form of debate, the delegate who has motioned for it will be the first speaker)

Point of personal privilege

Point of personal privilege, -state your concern-.

Examples:

Point of personal privilege, the delegate cannot hear the speaker.

Point of personal privilege, may the delegate be excused?

Point of personal privilege, may the delegate charge their laptop?

This point may interrupt a speaker only if it concerns audibility. In all other cases, it should be raised between speeches.

The crisis system is an intense form of debate, where delegates are allowed to interact with their own world within their respective committees and see everything unfold in real time. If a regular committee ends with delegates passing a resolution paper, in a crisis committee, it is completely different: delegates must write a directive to de-escalate tensions after a series of crisis notes.

​

What is a crisis note?

During a crisis session, delegates may write a crisis note to interact with their respective worlds (committees). To write a crisis note, a delegate must provide a detailed explanation of what their actions are intended to achieve and what the results will be. The crisis note needs to be realistic and descriptive. If a crisis note is deemed overly unrealistic or poorly executed by the Dais team, it will not be accepted.

​

Important note:

Meeting all the criteria for a perfect crisis note does not mean it is guaranteed to pass, as the Dais team has full authority to decide whether or not the note is passable.

​

What is a Directive?

Directives are a short-term solution to the problem. They are used to quickly address the crisis.

A directive is a simpler version of a resolution paper: they do not need preambulatory clauses and signatories, as the only things that are necessary are sponsors and the operative clauses/actions. For a directive to pass, it will not go through a voting procedure, but rather, the Dais team will evaluate it and decide if it works or not.

DIRECTIVE

Title:Strategic Reinforcement of Eastern Macedonia

Sponsors:Greece,Serbia,Bulgaria

The Committee hereby directs the following actions to be taken in response to increasing Ottoman aggression along the eastern front:

1.Deploy 3,000 troops from theThessaloniki garrison to the Kavala region to reinforce the border.

2.Authorize aerial reconnaissance missions along the Aegean coastline to track Ottoman naval movements.

3.Request immediate military consultation with Serbian and Bulgarian high commands to coordinate joint defense strategies.

4.Issue a public statement warning the Ottoman Empire that any further incursion will be met with multilateral force.

A position paper provides insight into a delegation’s stance on the topic and how well they have done their research regarding the topic. It helps the delegates to clarify the views and strategies to approach the committee, and also helps notify the Dais team that they have done their research.

Structure of a position paper:

Introduction to the topic

Past national actions

Proposed solutions

Citations and Bibliography

Citations and Bibliography are mandatory, and it must be in Harvard citation format.

Length: 1-2 pages long

Name: Enkhkhuslen Batjargal 

Committee: DISEC (Disarmament and International Security Committee)                                                                                                                   (Insert your country flag here)

Country: Kingdom of  Bahrain

Topic: Addressing the threat of Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East

Introduction: The Kingdom of Bahrain is a core member of the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) and has been heavily pursuing the abolition of nuclear weapons ever since establishing its very own “National Committee for the Prohibition of WMD” in 2011. While Bahrain does understand the security concerns of both Israel and Iran, the tensions caused by the two are leading to increased instability and safety concerns across the region. The Kingdom of Bahrain hopes to have assistance in finding a solution for the ongoing issue with the help of the GCC, World Powers, and the IAEA to strengthen non-proliferation efforts and promote diplomatic solutions that can guarantee regional and population safety.

Background: Bahrain plays a crucial role in the Middle East as one of the key members of the GCC. Moreover, the Bahraini government and its GCC allies have been actively pursuing the disarmament of nuclear weapons and have urged their Middle Eastern neighbors to join the NPT for the last decade. On top of this, Bahrain is a nation that is highly active in non-proliferation efforts, as we are involved in the “Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, “The Biological Weapons Convention”, “The Chemical Weapons Convention”, and so much more. Furthermore, Bahrain has maintained great diplomatic relations with world powers, particularly the United States, to advocate for the disarmament of WMD regionally and globally. However, with the current nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, the kingdom has actively criticized Iran for its attempts at nuclear weapons. Bahrain has urged them to follow the IAEA regulations, as it greatly contributes to regional destabilization. If Iran is to acquire a nuclear weapon, it will lead other nations to consider acquiring WMD to ensure their safety. Furthermore, if the UN and other relevant organizations do not find an effective solution to this global problem, the chance of nuclear warfare is imminent. 

Proposed solutions: 

1. Strengthening the authority of the International Atomic Energy Agency 

To increase the IAEA's influence, Bahrain will work with its close allies to propose a resolution granting the agency a stronger authority, allowing the organization to have an increased number of inspections, along with the ability to impose severe penalties on violators.

Through the increase of authority, the IAEA will be able to conduct more inspections and enforce stricter mechanisms, such as task forces that monitor nuclear activity and report back to the UN. 

2. Negotiate the Regional Security Agreement 

A treaty involving the GCC, Iran, Israel, and world powers could enhance the transparency between the militaries by requiring regular reports and inspections. It could also establish an arms control agreement to reduce the development of nuclear capabilities and prevent an arms race.

3. Bahrain to take a stronger leadership role in global non-proliferation efforts 

As a nation that historically holds great relations between the Middle East and the West, and with Bahrain's strong diplomatic abilities, it is well-positioned to mediate the tensions between Iran, Israel, and the world powers.

Citation and bibliography: 

• Nuclear Weapons Ban Monitor,  Bahrain’s state profile, Date not given
  https://banmonitor.org/profiles/bahrain

• The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Banning nuclear weapons (Bahrain), Date not given
  https://www.icanw.org/bahrain

• The Kingdom of Bahrain’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs,  Maintaining Regional and International Peace and Security (Disarmament), Date not given
  https://www.mofa.gov.bh/en/disarmament

• Wikipedia, The Kingdom of Bahrain—United States relations, 26 May 2025 (Last edited)
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations

• Bahrain News Agency, Bahrain calls for establishing nuclear-weapon-free zone, 28 September 2023
  https://www.bna.bh/en/Bahraincallsforestablishingnuclearweaponfreezone.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDpeaJQyI1g2MoiDYVr5v5ug%3D

• Arms Control Association, IAEA Investigations of Iran’s Nuclear Activities, February 2025 (Last reviewed)
  https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/iaea-investigations-irans-nuclear-activities#:~:text=The%20IAEA%27s%20second%20investigation%20into,was%20a%20%22possible%22%20explanation

• Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Why a WMD-free zone in the Middle East is more needed than ever, 10 April 2023
  https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/why-a-wmd-free-zone-in-the-middle-east-is-more-needed-than-ever/

• The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy: How the Gulf Feels Threatened, 18 February 2014
  https://www.rusi.org/publication/irans-nuclear-diplomacy-how-gulf-feels-threatened

• United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Statement By Bahrain At the 2nd Session Of The Conference On The Establishment Of A Middle East Zone Free Of Nuclear Weapons And Other WMD, Date not given
  https://app.unidir.org/node/7172

• Harvard Kennedy School The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Nuclear Energy in the Middle East? Regional Security Cooperation Needed, Spring 2017
  https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/nuclear-energy-middle-east-regional-security-cooperation-needed

A working paper (draft resolution) is a formal document that presents a comprehensive set of solutions and guidelines for the committee to adopt. It will follow an official format and structure.

Structure of a resolution paper:

Committee name

Topic

Bloc name

Preambulatory clauses

Operative clauses

What is a “Preambulatory clause?”

Preambulatory clauses are used to give historical context of the issue and motivations behind specific actions

What is an “Operative clause”

Operative clauses are used to propose actions and solutions regarding the issue. They have to be specific and realistic

Note: Preambulatory and operative clauses must start with their respective clauses

Committee: Historical Crisis Committee

Topic:The Escalation of World War I

Sponsors:Greece,Romania

Signatories:Bulgaria,Ottoman Empire,Italy, Serbia

The Historical Crisis Committee,

Preambulatory Clauses:

-Recognizing the fragile state of alliances and regional Stability in the Balkans,

-Alarmed by the rapid escalation of violence following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,

-Recalling the diplomatic efforts made during the Treaty of Berlin(1878) to maintain balance in Southeast Europe,

-Acknowledging the necessity of a multilateral approach to preserve peace and avoid a broader European war,

Operative Clauses:

1.Calls for the immediate establishment of a neutral peace conference hosted in Athens to mediate between Austria-Hungary and Serbia;

2.Urges all involved nations to halt mobilization efforts until diplomatic negotiations are exhausted;

3.Recommends the creation of an independent commission to investigate the assassination in Sarajevo and report its finding to stop participating states.

4.Supports the temporary suspension of military alliances during the conference to ensure impartiality;

5.Requests humanitarian aid from non-aligned nations to assist civilians affected by the unfolding crisis;

6.Proposes a regional non-aggression pact to be signed by Balkan states to prevent further escalation.

Acknowledging

Acting

Affirming

Alarmed by

Alarmed

Anxious

Appreciating

Approving

Aware of

Bearing in mind

Believing

Cognizant

Concerned

Confident

Conscious

Considering

Contemplating

Convinced

Declaring

Deeply concerned

Deeply conscious

Deeply convinced

Deeply disturbed

Deeply regretting

Deploring

Desiring

Determined

Emphasizing

Encouraged

Expecting

Expressing appreciation

Noting with approval

Expressing concern also

Expressing concern

Expressing its appreciation

Expressing its satisfaction

Expressing satisfaction

Firmly convinced

Fulfilling

Fully alarmed

Fully aware

Fully believing

Further deploring

Further recalling

Guided by

Having adopted

Having considered

Having considered further

Having devoted attention

Having examined

Having heard

Having received

Having reviewed

Having studied

Having adopted

Having approved

Having considered

Having decided

Keeping in mind

Mindful

Noting

Noting further

Noting with deep concern

Noting with regret

Noting with satisfaction

Observing

Reaffirming

Reaffirming also

Realizing

Recalling

Recalling also

Recognizing

Recognizing also

Recognizing with satisfaction

Referring

Regretting

Reiterating

Reiterating its call for

Reminding

Seeking

Seized

Stressing

Taking into account

Taking into consideration

Taking note

Taking note also

Taking note further

Underlining

Viewing with appreciation

Viewing with apprehension

Welcoming

Welcoming also

Accepts

Acknowledges

Adopts

Advises

Affirms

Also calls for

Also recommends

Also strongly condemns

Also urges

Appeals

Appreciates

Approves

Authorizes

Calls

Calls for

Calls upon

Commends

Concurs

Condemns

Confirms

Congratulates

Considers

Decides

Declares

Declares accordingly

Demands

Deplores

Designates

Directs

Draws the attention

Emphasizes

Encourages

Endorses

Expresses its appreciation

Expresses its hope

Expresses its regret

Further invites

Further proclaims

Further recommends

Further reminds

Further requests

Further resolves

Has resolved

Instructs

Introduces

Invites

Notes

Notes with satisfaction

Proclaims

Reaffirms

Recalls

Recognizes

Recommends

Regrets

Reiterates

Reminds

Renews its appeal

Repeats

Requests

Requires

Solemnly affirms

Stresses

Strongly advises

Strongly condemns

Strongly encourages

Suggests

Supports

Takes note of

Transmits

Trusts

Underlines

Underscores

Urges

Welcomes